Talk x Speak

When one person is saying things, you can use talk or speak, but talk is more usual and speak slightly literary.

  • She talked about her job.
  • He spoke longingly of his home country.
  • Don’t interrupt me when I’m talking/speaking.

If people are having a conversation, always use talk.

  • We talked about our relationship.
  • They talked for hours.

If you say that two people are not speaking, you mean they are not willing to talk to each other.

  • They’ve had a row and they’re not speaking.

Someone who can talk has learned to use language.

  • She could talk before she was two.

If you can speak, you are able to say something on a particular occasion.

  • I was too scared to speak.

When you mention what language someone uses, always use speak.

  • She speaks (=knows how to use) French and Spanish.
  • We spoke in German at first, then English.

When you ask for someone on the telephone, use speak.

  • Can I speak to Clare?

You can speak words. Do not use talk.

  • I spoke the words as clearly as I could.

You can talk sense or talk nonsense. Do not use speak.

  • I think she talks a lot of sense.


Top 5 Mistakes English Learners Make

What are the most common mistakes that English learners make? Which mistakes do most English learners need to correct, in order to learn English much faster?

1. Focusing on grammar

This is the biggest, most common, and worst mistake. Research shows that grammar study, in fact, actually hurts English speaking ability. Why? Because English grammar is simply too complex to memorize and use logically…. and real conversation is much too fast.

You don’t have enough time to think, remember hundreds or thousands of grammar rules, choose the correct one, then use it.

Your logical left-brain cannot do it. You must learn grammar intuitively and unconsciously, like a child. You do this by hearing a lot of correct English grammar- and your brain gradually and automatically learns to use English grammar correctly.

2. Forcing speech

Both English students and teachers try to force speech before the learner is ready. The result is that most students speak English very slowly- with no confidence and no fluency. Forcing speech is a huge mistake. Don’t force speech. Focus on listening and be patient. Speak only when you are ready to speak- when it happens easily and naturally. Until then, never force it.

3. Learning only formal textbook English

Unfortunately, most English students learn only the formal English found in textbooks and schools. The problem is- native speakers don’t use that kind of English in most situations.

When speaking to friends, family, or co-workers, native speakers use casual English that is full of idioms, phrasal verbs, and slang. To communicate with native speakers, you must not rely only on textbooks, you must learn casual English.

4. Trying to be perfect

Students and teachers often focus on mistakes. They worry about mistakes. They correct mistakes. They feel nervous about mistakes. They try to speak perfectly. No one, however, is perfect. Native speakers make mistakes all the time. You will too. Instead of focusing on the negative- focus on communication.

Your goal is not to speak “perfectly”, your goal is to communicate ideas, information, and feelings in a clear and understandable way. Focus on communication, focus on the positive. You will automatically improve your mistakes in time.

5. Relying on English schools

Most English learners rely totally on schools. They think the teacher and the school are responsible for their success. This is never true. You, the English learner, are always responsible. A good teacher can help, but ultimately you must be responsible for your own learning.

You must find lessons and material that are effective. You must listen and read every day. You must manage your emotions and remain motivated and energetic. You must be positive and optimistic. No teacher can make you learn. Only you can do it!

While these mistakes are very common, the good news is that you can correct them. When you stop making these mistakes, you change the way you learn English. You learn faster. Your speaking improves. You enjoy learning English.

Good luck… you can do it!

The Genitive Case

A common mistake I see with English language learners is the incorrect use of the apostrophe + s, (‘s) in the genitive case. Although natives of English use it rampantly, there are moments when it simply cannot be applied. And it is in these moments that I hear my students make mistakes.

Here’s a typical example of how an English learner uses the genitive case incorrectly: the food’s price, the curtain’s color, the book’s title, etc. To the chagrin of the English teacher, the student’s habit of using it this way becomes one quite difficult to break.

There’s much more to this case than meets the eye! Here are a few simple rules to follow:

1. singular nouns (people, animals, places) + ‘s

Samantha’s computer isn’t working.

The dog’s food bowl is empty.

New York City’s crime rate is increasing.

2. regular plural nouns + ‘

The girls’ room is always tidy.

3. irregular plural nouns + ‘s

The children’s toys are everywhere in the house.

4. time expressions and periods of time + ‘s

Have you seen the headline on the front page of today’s newspaper?

Santa Barbara is about an hour’s drive from Los Angeles.

5. Proper names ended in s + ‘s

Douglas’s car was stolen yesterday.

6. Classical or famous proper names + ‘

I have to study the Pythagoras’ theorem for tomorrow.

Jesus’ words are my guide.

7. two possessors

Edward’s and Amanda’s projects won the prize. (Edward has a project and Amanda has another)

Edward and Amanda’s project won the prize. (Edward and Amanda have the same project)

8. for things: use “of the”

The key of the car.

The door of the classroom.

 

Pronunciation for Brazilians

Pronunciation is definitely the biggest thing people notice when you are speaking English. Let me tell you a personal anecdote about this.

A friend and I once went to a conversation class taught by native speakers (Americans). Before the class started, the teacher said to us: “So, do you speak good English?”. I replied “We think so”, and the guy said “It sure sounds like you do”.

Notice that I just said three words, and the teacher could already tell if my English was good or bad. Why did he think my English was good? It wasn’t because I used difficult words or advanced grammar structures. It was the way I pronounced English words.

When you talk to a person in real life, they may not notice your limited vocabulary or grammar mistakes. But they will notice right away if your pronunciation is good or bad. If your pronunciation is poor, they will think about you as the guy/girl who speaks bad English, and good grammar and vocabulary won’t help you!

Remember that good pronunciation should be one of the first things that you learn in English. You can live without advanced vocabulary — you can use simple words to say what you want to say. You can live without advanced grammar — you can use simple grammar structures instead. But there is no such thing as “simple pronunciation”. If you don’t have good pronunciation, you have bad pronunciation.

6 good reasons why you should study pronunciation

1. Make a good impression
2. Analyze language
3. Improve fluency
4. Understand spelling better
5. Sound as a competent English speaker
6. Improve listening comprehension skills

Finally, I’d like to recommend you a very helpful and interesting book. One of its authors, Marcello Marcelino, was my teacher during a specialization course in phonetics.

Synopsis

English Pronunciation for Brazilians – The Sounds of American English is a book written by Brazilian teachers for Brazilian students. This book focuses on the specific problems Brazilian students face when trying to improve their pronunciation. American English and Brazilian Portuguese are contrasted, giving students the opportunity to use what they already know about the sounds of their own languages. It`s a very practical book with activities in different formats, ranging from mechanical and communicative exercises to games and fun tasks. It`s suitable for both classroom use and independent learning. The vocabulary is appropriate for intermediate and advanced students, with emphasis on high frequency words. All the practice material in the book is included in the accompanying Audio CDs. The road to good pronunciation doesn´t have to be dry and boring. Pronunciation learning can be fun!

About the book:

Paperback: 288 pages with 3 audio CDs
Publisher: Disal (2006)
ISBN 10: 8589533700
ISBN 13: 9788589533706

Accent Reduction

Many ESL* learners are concerned about eliminating their accents, but before you run out and spend hundreds of dollars on the latest pronunciation course, let me give you some things to think about.

First, the main goal of any pronunciation course should be to focus on accent reduction, not accent elimination, which is virtually impossible. Rather, students should work on reducing areas of their pronunciation that affect comprehensibility, that is, areas of their accents that make it difficult for native speakers to understand them.

Second, with this goal in mind, students need to be able to identify which specific areas of pronunciation give them the most trouble. Of course, there are universal areas of pronunciation that affect specific language groups, and reading up on these commonalities will help you. Furthermore, if you take a class on pronunciation, the teacher probably will ask you to record a speech sample which can be analyzed to check which specific areas you need to work on, for example, vowel and consonant sounds, word and sentence stress, and word reductions, and linking, and intonation.

Finally, you need to practice these features in different situations, from very structured exercises to extemporaneous speech. In other words, let’s say you are focusing on past tense, -ed endings (e.g., worked, played, constructed, learned, etc.). The first step would be able to recognize and produce the corrected pronunciation of the endings of each word in isolation by repeating them; however, this does not guarantee that you will be able to use them in natural conversation. Thus, you might want to record yourself talking about the past weekend and what you did—again, using past tenses. Rewind the recording and check to see how well you formed the verbs and if you pronounced them correctly.

Just remember that improving your pronunciation will take a lot of patience and commitment.

(*) ESL = English as a Second Language

To Be – Simple Present

VERB TO BE

Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I am (I’m) I am not Am I?
you are (you’re) – singular you are not (aren’t) Are you?
he is (he’s) he is not (isn’[t) Is he?
she is (she’s) she is not Is she?
it is (it’s) it is not Is it?
we are (we’re) we are not Are we?
you are (you’re) – plural you are not Are you?
they are (they’re) they are not Are they?

Hints on how to use the verb “to be”

1. Do not use the affirmative contracted form in the end of sentences:

Are you a student?

Yes, I am. / Yes, I‘m.

Do you know where she is? / Do you know where she‘s?

2. Identify people or things:

Who is it? It is George.

What is that? It is a lighter.

3. Describe physical and mental states:

I am so tired today.

They are tall.

She is happy.

He is angry because of the game.

4. Talk about occupations:

He is a doctor at the Miami Medical Center.

She is an architect.

They are mechanics.

Daniel and I are teachers.

5. To talk about age:

Susan is ten (years old)1.

This building is eighty years old.

(1) “years old” can be ommited when referring to people’s age

6. To talk about the weather, time and prices:

It is cold today.

The class is at 4 o’ clock.

It is US$ 25.

7. To talk about possessions:

It is Pamela’s notebook.

This calculator is mine, not yours.

8. To talk about location:

Lisbon is in Portugal.

She is in the bedroom.

Belgium and Denmark are countries in Europe.

Now that you reviewed this grammar point, it’s time to exercise. Go to the following links:

http://www.grammarnet.com/ghtml/present/expresbe1.htm

http://www.grammarnet.com/ghtml/present/expresbe2.htm

http://www.grammarnet.com/ghtml/present/expresbe3.htm

Top 10 Extra Activities

1. Movies

Rent movies and watch them with subtitles (mother tongue or target language according to your level) and without subtitles. You should watch the movie more than once or select some scenes that are important to the plot or that appeal to you most, and watch them again in order to help your understanding. If you’re really a fan of movies, why not download the screenplay of your favorite ones?

2. Songs

Download music from the net, try to transcribe lyrics from songs, or print the lyrics and try to sing along. These activities will surely help you improve your pronunciation and expand your vocabulary.

3. Read short stories or novels

If you like reading you can find, in several bookstores, books with didactic purposes, adaptations of famous novels or short stories according to students’ level. Of course, there might be differences as to what a specific publishing house considers a basic or an intermediate level. Advice: browse through the books and manage your capacity to manage them. A good follow-up is to write brief summaries of each chapter.

4. Reading the news

If you don’t like literature but you enjoy reading about current affairs, the net is your door to a world of information from business articles to entertainment. Open a search directory such as Google or Yahoo and type your area of interest. You could also subscribe to an English or American newspaper through the net. Many of them are free of charge!

5. Watching the news

Find out the time of international news in some cable TV channels and watch them. Select three or four possibilities so that you always have the chance to watch these international news at least three times a week.

6. Talk shows

There are many talk shows on TV in almost all channels. Again, select your favorites. It’s a great opportunity to improve your pronunciation and capacity to deal with culturally based information. If possible, it’s interesting to record them and then, with the help of dictionaries and the internet, check out the words and expressions you couldn’t get the meaning while watching them the first time.

7. Join an e-mail group

Some people like to have friends all over the world. If you’re one of them, why not join an e-mail group? You can make friends in New Zealand, the US, Spain, Italy, Japan, etc. Some interesting directions are:

Dave’s ESL Cafe: www.eslcafe.com

E-Pals: www.e-pals.com

Linguistic Funland: www.linguistic-funland.com/addapal.html

My Language Exchange: www.mylanguageexchange.com

8. Vocabulary

Why not sign up for a daily word site? Every day you can receive in your e-mail box a new word to improve your vocabulary. Try the link below. The subscription is free of charge!

www.dictionary.reference.com/wordoftheday

9. Jokes

If you are a fan of jokes, subscribe to a weekly or daily joke site. This will certainly help improve your reading skills as well as your intercultural competence since many jokes are based on cultural beliefs and attitudes. An interesting website is www.joke-of-the-day.com

10. Chat Rooms

The English used in chat rooms may differ from what people use in some everyday conversations… but if you like them, you can have lots of fun chatting with people from many contries in thematic rooms. One of the most world wide used directions is  www.messenger.yahoo.com/features/chatrooms

It’s for free. Have fun!

Cyber Listening Lab

It is an interesting website for listening practice. Check it out!

www.esl-lab.com

Hey! Write your opinion about this cyber listening lab here in the comments.

Free Online Monolingual Dictionaries

Longman: www.ldoceonline.com

Merriam-Webster: www.merriam-webster.com

Macmillan: www.macmillandictionary.com

Cambridge: www.dictionary.cambridge.org

Google Dictionary: www.google.com/dictionary

Urban Dictionary: www.urbandictionary.com

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